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The principles of justice are chosen behind a veil of ignorance. I shall even assume that the parties do not know their conceptions of the good or their special psychological propensities. 5 Among the essential features of this situation is that no one knows his place in society, his class position or social status, nor does anyone know his fortune in the distribution of natural assets and abilities, his intelligence, strength, and the like. It is understood as a purely hypothetical situation characterized soĪs to lead to a certain conception of justice. Historical state of affairs, much less as a primitive condition of culture.

This original position is not, of course, thought of as an actual In justice as fairness the original position of equality corresponds to the state of nature in the traditional theory of the social contract. The choice which rational men would make in this hypothetical situation of equal liberty, assuming for the present that this choice problem has a solution, determines the principles of justice. It is rational for him to pursue, so a group of persons must decide once and for all what is to count among them as just and unjust. Grice, The Grounds of Moral Judgment (Cambridge, The University Press, 1967). A presentation of the contract view as primarily an ethical theory is to be found in G. with an introduction by Ernest Barker (Cambridge, The University Press, 1934). Gierke, Natural Law and the Theory of Society, trans. (Oxford, The Clarendon Press, 1957), and Otto A general hIstorical survey is provided by J. F.or all of its greatness, Hobbes's Leviathan raises special problems. Of Government, Rousseau's The Social Contract, and Kant's ethical works beginning with The Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals as definitive of the contract tradition. As the text suggests, I shall regard Locke's Second Treatise Just as each person must decide by rational reflection what constitutes his good, that is, the system of ends whichĤ. Men are to decide in advance how they are to regulate their claims against one another and what is to be the foundation charter of their society. Thus we are to imagine that those who engage in socialĬooperation choose together, in one joint act, the principles which are to assign basic rights and duties and to determine the division of social benefits. Principles of justice I shall call justice as fairness. These principles are to regulate all further agreements they specify the kinds of social cooperation that can be entered into and the forms of government that can be established.
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They are the principles that free and rational persons concerned to further their own interests would accept in an initial position of equality as defining the fundamental terms of their association. Rather, the guiding idea is that the principles of justice for the basic structure of society are the object of the original agreement.

4 In order to do this we are not to think of the original contract as one to enter a particular society or to set up a particular form of My aim is to present a conception of justice which generalizes and carries to a higher level of abstraction the familiar theory of the social contract as found, say, in Locke, Rousseau, and
